Wheelchair Users' Guide to Traveling Abroad Traveling to a foreign country can be daunting for any person, but especially for the wheelchair user. My first international trip with a wheelchair was to Beijing, China, and I was legitimately concerned that I might find myself stuck at the airport in China.
February 20, 1990, Page 00001 The New York Times ArchivesCall it the mystery of the missing money.Why is it, some want to know, that about $1,000 worth of currency is now in circulation for each of the 240 million Americans when the Government estimates that people and businesses hold the equivalent of $250 for each person? What happened to the $180 billion or so of paper money that has been printed over the years and seems to have disappeared?No one really has the answer.
But specialists think most has moved abroad, some in drug transactions but some from other sources like repatriations from immigrants and payment for imported goods.The flow has been so great, the Federal Reserve chairman, Alan Greenspan, told Congress last year, that 'perhaps more than half of U.S. Currency is outside the United States.' 'For most of the last 30 years, the growth of currency in circulation was quite predictable, closely correlated to the amount of personal spending and interest rates - as spending grew, the amount of currency in circulation expanded in kind. But in late 1988, the Federal Reserve found currency growth in recent years to have substantially outpaced increases in personal spending. It called this an unprecedented development, occurring for 'no readily apparent reason.' ' Experts are still baffled. Effects Are Not ClearAnother thing that is not clear is whether - if huge amounts of currency are moving abroad - the effects are good or bad.Although the parallels are rough, the current upheaval in Eastern Europe has directed some attention to the American experience.
For example, Chancellor Helmut Kohl of West Germany is proposing monetary union with East Germany by making Bonn's mark, which already circulates outside the country to a limited extent, their common currency.Some economists say such blurring of the currency borders tends to make the world economy less efficient and therefore all of us slightly poorer. One reason could be that in the case of the United States currency, dollars are often not invested in new enterprises that would create wealth.But others contend that the availability of dollars in financially distressed countries like Argentina -where billions of dollars circulate as a second currency - probably allows transactions that would otherwise not occur and actually increases total wealth.One thing, though, is sure: The United States makes a profit out of this through seigniorage, the difference between what it costs a Government to print or mint money and the money's face value. Because it costs only about 2 1/2 cents to print a $1 bill, there is a Treasury profit of 97 1/2 cents if this bill winds up, say, under a foreign mattress.
For larger denomination bills the production costs are the same and the profit even greater.Think of it as similar to American Express selling traveler's checks that are never cashed. Is $250 Per Capita Too Low?
The explanation that the missing currency is moving overseas arises to some degree through the process of elimination. The other reasons sometimes raised for the discrepancy between the $250 in currency held per capita and the $1,000 printed per capita do not seem to explain much.The possibility that people fib about how much currency they have seems unpersuasive because there is no obvious motive for them to do so.
Those who suggest the huge rise in currency is the result of the proliferation of automatic teller machines come up against the fact that the machines probably reduce the number of people carrying large sums of 'walking around' money because the machines make cash replenishment easier. Moreover, larger purchases are increasingly made with credit cards and checks. AdvertisementDo merchants and other businesses have the missing currency? It seems unlikely because most are sophisticated enough to put cash to work earning interest, and they are also generally eager for security reasons to keep cash in stores to the change-making minimum. At most, business holdings match those of individuals, the Federal Reserve has estimated, accounting for about $125 per capita.Collectors of paper money are assumed to have only negligible amounts.Effect of Illegal ActivitiesBut this leaves no accounting for about 75 percent of the United States currency that has been printed.Many people attribute the currency explosion to drug traffic and other illegal or underground activities. Among other things, they cite a rapid increase in demand for high-denomination bills, which officials say do not exhibit the seasonal variations in demand of lesser-denomination notes.Yet a recent Treasury study on whether to withdraw $100 notes as legal tender because of their purported use in illegal activity found that 'the usage of these notes in financial transactions is limited.'
' The study also reported that only 12 percent of currency seizures by the Customs Service in 1988 consisted of $50 and $100 bills and that random seizures by the Drug Enforcement Administration from 1986 to 1988 showed a similar pattern. At the same time, the part of the underground economy consisting of legal activities that typically involve tax evasion may well be growing more slowly.
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Sharp cuts in Federal income tax rates have reduced incentives for tax cheats.Dollars AbroadIn looking abroad for the explanation, political instability in Eastern Europe and elsewhere may have signficantly increased recent demand for dollars. Greenspan had said in his testimony last year that dollars had long acted 'as sort of a second currency in a number of countries.' 'The Fed chief mentioned, without further identification, one Latin American country in which $5 billion to $7 billion in United States currency was then circulating freely. It may have been Argentina, which recently has considered 'dollarization' of its economy as a possible remedy for hyperinflation. Reed, chairman of Citicorp and an experienced Latin American hand, noted last year that the dollar is so widely used in Argentina now that 'I received U.S. Change from a taxi driver.' 'Another example is Poland, where the Government in 1988 estimated that $5 billion of dollars was circulating along with other hard currencies.So now the United States is in the peculiar position of borrowing frantically from abroad to cover its budget deficit while exporting currency to the four corners of the world.
AdvertisementNew U.S. Printing PlantThis year the Government will spend $182 million to print seven billion notes, a level of demand that has helped force the Treasury to build a new printing plant, its first outside Washington. This plant, in Fort Worth, is expected to open by early 1991. Printing costs are expected to rise sharply from the present $26 per 1,000 notes when new bills designed to foil copy-machine counterfeiters are introduced.One economist who thinks the effect of huge dollar exports is economically undesirable is John Mueller, chief economist for Bell Mueller Cannon Inc., an Arlington, Va., research firm.
He said that while this was a 'pure boon' to the Treasury because it allowed the Government to spend more than it taxed its citizens or borrowed in capital markets, the overall effect was probably harmful.He reasons that these dollars are used heavily abroad to store value -a usually lesser characteristic of money than as a means of payment. They are kept under mattresses or exchanged hand-to-hand rather than invested in wealth-creating businesses, he said.On the other hand, Alan S. Blinder, professor of economics at Princeton University, suggested that the existence of such offshore dollars 'probably increases the efficiency of the world economy' by allowing transactions that would otherwise not take place.Richard N. Cooper, a Harvard economics professor and formerly Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, has done some research on the subject and said a flow of dollars into a country shows something is wrong with the foreign economy. This 'makes sensible economic management in those countries more difficult,' he said, because the supply cannot be controlled and because it contributes to an underground economy that cannot be taxed.Reversal Might Be a ProblemPaul Samuelson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology said he does not think 'it's anything bad' for the United States to be sending so much of its currency abroad. He noted that Israeli-held dollars had helped cure that country's triple-digit inflation in the early 1980's. But there might be a problem, the Nobel laureate said, if the dollar became suddenly unpopular and the process 'reversed.'
'More technically, however, it is widely accepted that the vast foreign holdings of American currency have rendered the aggregate that the Fed calls the monetary base, the bulk of which consists of currency, nearly useless as an analytical tool, much less a policy target.One obvious American gain from widespread acceptance of the dollar - the world's principal means of black-market exchange, Professor Blinder called it - is the ego boost and extra convenience for the nation's travelers.' 'Our money is universal,' said Ira M. Polikoff, a spokesman for the Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing. 'There's not one country that won't accept it.'
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A VPN is never going to top our “Travel Check List”, it’s just not that important compared to like a raincoat, adapter or phone charger. But a VPN is useful while traveling and a luxury worth considering for the right price.A VPN is used for online security but the truth is I care more about accessing Facebook and Google Maps in China than stopping Amazon from tracking what products I searched for recently. I know I should care about my internet privacy, but I don’t. I just want to watch Japanese Netflix, Stream Premier League Games and bypass any firewall that blocks my favorite websites and social media. Using a VPN is simple, you can download the apps for mobile devices, or the software for Windows, Mac or Linux.
Check out, who have one of the best priced VPN services. We also put together a.Download the app, register for an account, and then explore the available locations. Ivacy has options for country but also for specific cities which is very useful.
Simply scroll to the country of your choosing and press the connect button. The app will attempt to connect to servers in the country and generate a new IP for your device.That’s it.
But I recommend taking a second to test your internet speed once connected with the VPN. Speeds can be reduced. See the last section of this article. Internet Censorship is a problem I discovered while traveling. Canada ranks as one of the countries with the best Internet Freedom Scores so it wasn’t an issue I had to deal with at home. But traveling to China opened my eyes to what governments can do to restrict internet access.For political, social or economic reasons, some countries censor the apps and websites we have come to rely on the most in western countries.
Apps like WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, & Google Maps! It’s just annoying!Other countries like Cuba make the internet only available through their government controlled hotspots and too expensive for most citizens. While Belarus has been accused of interrupting mobile connections to prevent live-streams to mass audiences., a US Government funded NGO, tracks the level of internet freedom in each country in their ‘ ‘ Report. Sadly, things are getting worse worldwide, not better.A VPN is one of the very few ways to access these apps, western media and even live-stream while traveling! Plus it prevents governments from tracking your activity.
All Netflix accounts are not equal in terms of their movie and TV show offerings. Meaning you may not be able to binge watch the new season of your favorite show while abroad!
At least not without a VPN. This is called ‘Geo-restrictions’.I travel with a tablet so in the evening I can lay down, relax and open up Netflix to watch,. In Japan, I discovered I had access to way more Japanese Movies & TV Shows because I was automatically synced with the Japanese Netflix Library. I got to watch before it was released in Canada. There are 4339 movies on Netflix in the United States as of December 2017. In Canada, there are only 2942 movies which is still twice as many as Germany at 1435 movies.
Poor Albania only has 200 movies available to watch on their Netflix account. Look up how your country’s Netflix compares.Unblocking geo-restrictions is easy.
VPNs aren’t 100% guaranteed to work in every country or for every service due to constant innovations, but each company provides a 7 to 30 day money back guarantee which is enough time for most travelers to try it out. When I travel, I love free public Wi-Fi. It’s awesome plain and simple!
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I can check my flights, Instagram, Twitter, send emails and even video chat my friends and family back home. It also saves me from using a lot of data if I buy a cheap SIM card abroad.But public Wi-Fi is risky because it’s shared, there is no encryption between your computer and the network everyone else is using.
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It is possible to be hacked while surfing the web at Starbucks, it’s unlikely, but possible.As a general rule don’t check your email on public Wi-Fi, your email is usually how you recover every account you’ve ever signed up for online. And definitely don’t do any online banking. Hackers don’t need to hack your bank, which is encrypted, they just need to record your keyboard activity.If you work from your laptop, or want added security for the days you work from Starbucks, or simply don’t want to risk using public Wi-Fi in a foreign country, perhaps look into a VPN. If you choose to use a VPN, your internet speed can take a big hit depending on the server you choose.My normal download speed is 17-18 Mbps with an upload speed of 7-8 Mbps. When I connect to the Tokyo server using Ivacy VPN, my speed drops to 12.3 Mbps download and 5.56 Mbps upload. However when I connect to servers in Beijing, my speed gets crushed to 4.38 Mbps download and 4.40 Mbps upload.I suggest downloading a speed test app if you find your connection slow using a VPN. You might need to choose a different server or possibly disable it until you find a better connection.